Decision Rules Used to Designate Urban, Rural, Local and Nonlocal
1. Urban includes all towns with 1990 U.S. Census populations of 2,500 or more.
2. Communities are designated urban even though their populations are under 2,500 if they lie within an "urbanized area." Urbanized areas are defined as all communities and places connected by highway to urban centers with populations of 6,000 or more and lying within a 20-mile radius of the urban center (for cities from 6,000 to 20,000 population) or a 40-mile radius (for cities of more than 20,000). The radius is measured from the center of the city as denoted by the city location point on maps, rather than from the city limits. An exception to the radius rule is that the Anchorage "urbanized area" does not extend north of Knik Arm nor south of Turnagain Arm.
The cities of 6,000 to 20,000 population are Ketchikan, Kenai, Kodiak and Sitka. The cities above 20,000 are Anchorage, Fairbanks and Juneau.
Table 1 presents annual counts of year-end permits held by each urban community split into two groups to show the sensitivity of the urban/rural threshold level. If the threshold level were set at a population of 4,000 people instead of 2,500 then the first group of communities would be classified as rural resulting in an additional 1,167 rural permit holders at year-end 1993.
Local/Nonlocal1. On the coast, local/non-local boundaries are based on Fish and Game salmon management areas. Exceptions include communities which have been within more than one Fish and Game management area as a result of the movement of Fish and Game boundaries since 1975. These communities have been made local to both areas (see below). In addition, Cape Yakataga and Port Heiden are "overlap" areas that can contain more than one assigned permit and management area designation. Residents of these two areas will be local for both relevant overlap areas. Lastly, residences in both Southeast and Yakutat are designated local to the hand and power troll fisheries.
Communities Local to More Than One Alaska Department of Fish
and Game Management Area
Community Local Management Areas
Port Heiden Bristol Bay/ Peninsula Aleutians
Cape Newenham Bristol Bay/ Kuskokwim
Cape Yakataga Prince William Sound/ Yakutat
Cape Romanzof Kuskokwim/ Lower Yukon
Chevak Kuskokwim/ Lower Yukon
Hooper Bay Kuskokwim/ Lower Yukon
Igiak Kuskokwim/ Lower Yukon
Scammon Bay Kuskokwim/ Lower Yukon Community Local Management Areas
St. Michael Lower Yukon/ Norton Sound
Stebbins Lower Yukon/ Norton Sound
2. The Upper and Lower Yukon and Kuskokwim River fishery areas are based on immediate river drainages. The Lower Yukon area extends up the Yukon River to just above Holy Cross. The Upper Yukon "local" area extends up the Koyukuk tributary as far as Huslia, the Chandalar as far as Venetie and the Tanana to Delta Junction, 30 miles beyond the upper limits of commercial fishing on that river. The Kuskokwim local area extends 30 miles upriver beyond the limit of commercial fishing on that river and includes the Stony River tributary as far as Lime Village and the Holitna River as far as Kasheglok.
3. The Bristol Bay area extends inland up the Nushagak River and includes the entire Tikchik Lake system as well as Lake Iliamna and Lake Clark.
4. The Cook Inlet local area includes all but the eastern edge of the Anchorage Borough. The line dividing the Cook Inlet and Prince William Sound ADF&G regulatory areas is extended inland directly north. That is, the line runs from Cape Fairfield at 148ø50'W, north to 61ø32'N (just north of Bodenburg Butte and south of Palmer) and thence west to 150ø30'W (to the community of Susitna) and thereafter follows, at a little distance inland, the western shore of Cook Inlet, ending at Cape Douglas.
5. The Prince William Sound area extends up the Copper River to the confluence of the Bremner River. Taking in the census subareas of Prince William Sound and Cordova, but not the Copper River subarea. It excludes the interior Copper River as well as the Edgerton, Richardson and Glenn Highway communities.
6. Localness for the Westward Herring Fisheries is based on ADF&G regulatory districts rather than entire management areas. Herring stocks in Western Alaska are managed and permitted specific to these districts. The local definitions for these fisheries are based on the districts as defined in 1993 ADF&G Commercial Herring Fishing Regulations and extend 30 miles beyond those district boundaries. The districts therein are defined as waters bounded by specified coastline features or latitudes, but the localness includes those population centers on the coast within those boundaries as well as within a 30 mile radius extending inland and beyond the northern and southern district boundaries. Because the Nelson Island and Nunivak Island districts overlap with respect to latitude and because pre-limitation permitting combined these fisheries, they will share the same local communities for the purposes of this study.
TABLE 1, APPENDIX A. Permits Held by Alaska Urban Locals and Non-locals by City and Year, 1975-1994.
Assigned* Initial
City Population 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 Level Change
---- ---------- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----- ------
SEWARD 2,699 47 45 59 52 55 52 51 58 65 67 69 72 66 64 64 65 56 55 55 50 96 -46
NIKISKI 2,743 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 9 25 34 42 45 41 43 43 45 43 50 3 47
KOTZEBUE 2,751 0 90 126 133 139 148 151 152 154 154 156 154 151 154 157 153 147 144 142 140 158 -18
PALMER 2,866 22 24 30 32 37 38 39 39 44 44 48 48 54 46 53 54 56 60 63 64 30 34
UNALASKA 3,089 1 1 3 4 3 4 4 4 7 5 6 7 5 2 2 2 3 2 4 4 2 2
PETERSBURG 3,207 140 148 178 191 195 199 210 279 419 418 419 431 439 440 445 455 445 447 459 456 411 45
BARROW 3,469 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 1 2 3 4 5 4 4 4 4 2 2
NOME 3,500 3 13 16 19 23 26 33 37 34 33 35 33 35 31 29 36 33 35 30 32 34 -2
HOMER 3,660 103 123 163 179 203 216 214 217 222 233 254 270 289 313 333 353 366 365 362 380 200 180
STERLING 3,802 4 8 10 6 6 8 9 9 9 12 13 15 16 16 13 14 12 10 10 11 8 3
---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----- -----
Subtotal 321 453 586 617 662 691 711 796 956 978 1026 1065 1099 1114 1141 1180 1165 1167 1172 1191 944 247
ESTER 147 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 5 2 2 2 2 2 0 2
SALCHA 354 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 0 4
SAXMAN 369 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 1
TWO RIVERS 453 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 1 1
NORTH POLE 1,456 0 1 3 4 3 3 3 2 4 5 10 13 11 13 13 12 13 12 13 16 4 12
SOLDOTNA 3,482 86 111 129 127 140 149 153 147 157 161 154 155 161 165 154 151 150 149 147 140 107 33
WASILLA 4,028 11 8 12 16 18 22 29 33 33 43 54 59 54 64 66 83 96 87 97 95 21 74
VALDEZ 4,068 23 38 33 31 29 31 35 38 39 37 39 42 39 38 34 34 32 33 31 36 56 -20
ADAK 4,633 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
BETHEL 4,674 15 148 174 174 176 182 183 190 192 190 196 201 194 191 197 199 200 198 199 202 208 -6
KENAI 6,327 202 216 220 228 222 218 212 234 249 238 239 237 232 231 229 217 229 218 213 210 258 -48
KODIAK 6,365 274 323 358 355 355 346 366 386 387 406 447 445 443 431 428 432 421 436 419 422 466 -44
KETCHIKAN 8,263 203 220 229 229 243 237 232 279 475 457 441 420 417 396 374 358 355 361 355 332 512 -180
WARD COVE 8,263 7 11 14 15 14 13 15 23 47 42 43 46 52 52 54 46 45 46 48 41 43 -2
MOUNT EDGECUMBE 8,588 2 2 2 3 2 3 5 20 47 41 10 4 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 -40
SITKA 8,588 133 145 162 157 158 163 156 210 358 379 403 417 412 411 425 422 421 422 423 409 361 48
COLLEGE 11,249 4 5 1 1 1 3 3 4 6 5 4 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 0 6 -6
AUKE BAY 26,751 6 8 12 13 15 18 20 26 59 61 64 67 61 58 56 58 59 57 57 58 50 8
DOUGLAS 26,751 30 35 37 35 36 35 32 49 83 77 76 77 74 73 71 69 68 68 64 62 75 -13
JUNEAU 26,751 172 176 184 208 215 224 227 328 564 558 507 484 464 454 442 450 425 401 398 395 595 -200
FAIRBANKS 30,843 27 34 43 46 42 59 67 86 102 105 108 114 112 111 101 111 108 109 110 114 84 30
ANCHORAGE 226,338 433 517 554 571 578 600 640 690 717 698 668 655 639 639 631 676 681 682 692 688 621 67
BIRCHWOOD 226,338 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -1
BIRD CREEK 226,338 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
CHUGIAK 226,338 16 24 24 19 20 24 28 29 38 37 41 41 35 39 39 36 31 34 35 33 25 8
EAGLE RIVER 226,338 36 38 38 47 48 51 48 43 45 46 45 55 61 56 56 51 47 45 42 44 44 0
EKLUTNA 226,338 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -1
ELMENDORF AFB 226,338 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
FORT RICHARDSON226,338 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
GIRDWOOD 226,338 1 3 3 4 4 5 7 9 7 7 6 7 10 11 13 21 22 22 22 22 1 21
INDIAN 226,338 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 1
SPENARD 226,338 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----- -----
Subtotal 1683 2064 2233 2284 2321 2387 2462 2828 3610 3595 3557 3546 3485 3444 3398 3439 3415 3391 3376 3330 3580 -250
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Grand Total 2004 2517 2819 2901 2983 3078 3173 3624 4566 4573 4583 4583 4584 4558 4539 4619 4580 4558 4548 4521 4524 -3
* The 1990 U.S. Census is the source of the assigned city populations.
Suburban areas have been assigned the city population figures of adjacent urban communities.
Comparison of Urban/Rural and Local/Nonlocal Standards in this Report with those in Dr. Steve Langdon's Permit Transfer Study
Beginning with the 1990 edition of this report, a population of 2,500 has been used in conjunction with 1990 Census figures for the threshold distinguishing urban from rural . This is the same threshold used by Langdon1 although he used 1978 population estimates obtained from the Alaska Department of Community and Regional Affairs. owns that differ in urban/rural designations from Langdon's work and this study area:
TOWN LANGDON CFEC
Cordova Urban Rural
Wrangell Urban Rural
Girdwood Rural Urban
Nikiski Rural Urban
Sterling Rural Urban
Unalaska Rural Urban
The designation of local fishery areas in this report differs from the version Langdon used in that substantial areas of interior Alaska are declared "nonlocal" to any fishery on the assumption that these areas are not truly economically or traditionally oriented to commercial coastal or river fisheries. Certain offshore islands of the Bering Sea (St. Lawrence, St. George, St. Paul, St. Matthew and Little Diomede) are also "nonlocal" to any commercial fisheries under limitation.
Langdon designated certain villages in the Kuskokwim delta as "local" to both the Kuskokwim and Bristol Bay fisheries, presumably on the basis of customary fishing patterns and initial permit issuance patterns. While there are advantages to this, it suggests that one ought to deal similarly with comparable situations statewide. For the sake of uniformity, no local designations were made across area borders except as noted above.